When & Where: In February and/or March, varies with year and the town
The traditional carnivals of the Basque Country and Navarre stand out for their deep historical roots, rich symbolism, and unique customs that have been preserved for centuries. These festivities, usually linked to pre-Christian rituals and agricultural cycles, offer a vibrant expression of local identity, blending ancestral traditions with contemporary celebrations.
Carnivals in the region have a long history, predating Christianity and linked to fertility rites and the changing of seasons. They were moments of social transgression, where the usual norms were temporarily overturned. The festivities often featured characters representing chaos, order, life, and death. Over time, these traditions merged with Christian influences, giving rise to the unique celebrations seen today.
During Franco’s regime, many of these events were suppressed, but they experienced a resurgence in the late 20th century as part of a broader revival of Basque and Navarrese cultural heritage. Today, they are celebrated with enthusiasm and pride, attracting both locals and visitors.
Some of the most interesting festivities are:
Lantz (Navarre)
The Lantz carnival is famous for its unique characters, such as “Miel Otxin,” a giant figure symbolizing evil, who is paraded through the streets before being symbolically burned. The event reflects ancient traditions and features locals dressed as bandits and dancers.
Ituren and Zubieta (Navarre)
These small villages are known for their “Joaldunak” (bell-ringers), who wear sheepskins and hats adorned with ribbons. The bell-ringers parade through the streets, ringing large bells to ward off evil spirits and welcome the new season.
Lesaka (Navarre)
Lesaka’s carnival features “Zaku Zaharrak”, figures dressed in sacks and carrying sticks, representing a link to pre-Christian rituals.
Zalduondo (Araba)
Its main character, “Markitos”, represents societal misfortunes and is paraded through the town before being symbolically judged and burned. This carnival stands out for its critical humor, often mocking current events or local issues.
The carnivals today mix ancient traditions with modern festivities, including parades, concerts, and gastronomy. Each town’s celebration is distinct, offering an authentic glimpse into the local culture. Costumes, masks, and music are central elements, creating an atmosphere of joy and creativity.