The Ikurriña, the flag of the Basque Country, is one of the most recognizable symbols of Basque identity and pride. Designed in 1894 by Sabino Arana and his brother Luis Arana, the flag was initially created to represent the province of Biscay but quickly became a symbol for the entire Basque region. Its name derives from the Basque word “ikur,” meaning “symbol” or “sign.”
The Ikurriña’s design is rich in symbolism. It features a red field with a green saltire (diagonal cross) and a white cross superimposed over it. The red background represents the Biscayan people, the green saltire symbolizes the ancient Basque tree of Gernika and the unity of the Basque people, and the white cross signifies Christianity. Together, these elements reflect the region’s cultural, historical, and spiritual heritage.
Initially, the Ikurriña was closely associated with Basque nationalism, as its creators were founders of the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV). During the Franco regime in Spain (1939–1975), the flag was banned, as it was seen as a symbol of separatism. However, the Ikurriña was embraced by Basques as a sign of resistance and cultural survival.
With the transition to democracy in Spain, the Ikurriña was officially recognized in 1979 as the flag of the Basque Autonomous Community (Euskadi). It is now flown on public buildings and during official events, symbolizing regional self-governance and cultural heritage. Additionally, it is widely displayed at sports events, festivals, and community gatherings, emphasizing its role as a unifying emblem for Basque people.
Beyond the Basque Autonomous Community, the Ikurriña is also used in Navarre and the French Basque Country, although it does not hold official status there. Its presence underscores the shared identity and cultural ties across the Basque-speaking regions.
For visitors, the Ikurriña serves as a powerful representation of the Basque people’s resilience, unity, and pride. Its vibrant colors and deep historical significance make it an enduring symbol of one of Europe’s most distinctive cultures.
